Merely Folklore? The Role of a Growth Mindset in the Taking and Timing of Entrepreneurial Actions

Why do some potential entrepreneurs promptly engage in entrepreneurial behavior while others do not pursue their entrepreneurial intentions or delay acting? This study investigated whether potential entrepreneurs' mindset shapes engaging in entrepreneurial behavior and the time until they do so. Over a 16-month period, holding more of a growth (vs. fixed) mindset positively predicted taking various entrepreneurial actions and doing so sooner. Interestingly, these effects vanished when individuals faced a less challenging context for entrepreneurship. Post-hoc exploratory analyses revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic magnified the impact of mindsets on entrepreneurial behavior. These findings pave the way for preliminary research on the viability of growth mindset interventions for fostering entrepreneurial behavior.

When mutual imbeddedness is impossible-Persecutory anxiety and splitting in times of perceived danger-A discussion of "Mutual imbeddedness: The foundation for a relational world" by Daniel Perlitz

In this discussion, I would like to complement Perlitz's argument by reminding that mutual imbeddedness requires conditions of existential security. Most traumas the author mentions occurred in the past. Thus, to process trauma and experience mutual imbeddedness a "background of safety" is needed. Only this enables the work of mourning, peace-making, and connection to other people. Many communities throughout the world, however, exist under extremely threatening conditions. Hence, I propose that mutual imbeddedness requires a complementary human capacity, which is equally vital, and expresses itself in conditions of existential threat or in a reality of protracted violence. This force is characterized by persecutory anxiety and the massive use of the mechanism of splitting, which issues in defense of the self using removing the adversary, using fight or flight. During times of protracted threat, people organize to defend themselves, their families, and their communities, and they will use any means to safeguard their existence. For this purpose, they activate a specific psychic dynamic: Trust is replaced by fear, enriching otherness now becomes dangerous otherness, open borders turn into high, impermeable walls, and where there was generosity, now there is cruelty. I want to offer two illustrations of the collapse of mutual imbeddedness in conditions of physical danger and existential threat: One is Israel's political situation, and the other is the impact of the Covid pandemic on the fabric of human relations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)